Origin and history

Apple pectin       

Pectin is a natural fiber contained in certain fruit and vegetable, particularly apples. Many health benefits are associated with pectin; they including supplies soluble fiber, lowering blood pressure, protects against metabolic syndrome, lowering glucose levels, lowering bad cholesterol levels, regulating the intestinal environment.⁶

Apple phytochemicals

Apples contain phytochemicals including quercetin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, phloridzin, procyanidins, among others. The high antioxidant capacity of these compounds has been intensively investigated due to their potential beneficial effects on health.

Phloridzin.

Phloridzin, one of the dihydrochalcones typically contained in apples, is a phytochemical inhibitor specific and competitive of sodium/glucose cotransporters in the intestine (SGLT1) and kidney (SGLT2).^7,8

Studies in vivo have shown the beneficial effect of this compound through significant reduction of blood glucose levels and improve dyslipidemia in diabetic rats.^9,10

Quercetin

Quercetin, a flavonoid present in a wide variety of vegetables, is also found in many fruits, including apples. This flavonoid has been researched for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that potentially protect against degenerative diseases.¹¹

Catechins

Catechins belong flavanols group, are secondary plant metabolites found in apples, green tea, blackberries, red wine, pears, dark chocolate, and cherries have many important physiological activities. Clinical studies have shown their anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, including cardioprotective activity.^12,13

Chlorogenic acid.

Chlorogenic acids, other phytochemicals found in apples, are cinnamic acid derivatives, and represent an abundant group of polyphenols with biological effects mostly related to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. ¹⁴

References

1          Waldbauer K et al. Apple Pomace as Potential Source of Natural Active Compounds.       Planta Med. 2017 Aug;83(12-13):994-1010.

2          Koutsos A et al. Effects of Commercial Apple Varieties on Human Gut Microbiota           Composition and Metabolic Output Using an In Vitro Colonic Model. Nutrients. 2017           May 24;9(6).

3          Radulian G et al. Metabolic effects of low glycaemic index diets. Nutrition Journal          20098:5.

4          Hermansen ML F et al. Can the Glycemic Index (GI) be Used as a Tool in the Prevention             and Management of Type 2 Diabetes? Rev Diabet Stud. 2006 Summer; 3(2): 61–71.

5          Periera E et al. Effect of glycemic index on obesity control. Arch. Endocrinol.       Metab. vol.59 no.3 São Paulo June 2015.

6          Boyer Jeanelle. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutr J. 2004; 3: 5.

7          Rossetti L et al. Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity    to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1987; 79 (5): 1510–5.

8          Taton, J et al.   Molecular physiology of cellular glucose transport-a potential area for         clinical studies in diabetes mellitus. 2010 Endokrynol Pol. 61 (3): 303–10.

9          Najafian M et al. Phloridzin reduces blood glucose levels and improves lipids metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Biol Rep. 2012 May;39(5):5299-306.

10        Masumoto S et al. Dietary phloridzin reduces blood glucose levels and reverses Sglt1        expression in the small intestine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Agric Food         Chem. 2009 Jun 10;57(11):4651-6.

11        Miltonprabu S et al. Hepatoprotective effect of quercetin: From chemistry to medicine.     Food Chem Toxicol. 2017 Oct;108(Pt B):365-374.

12        Mangels DR et al. Catechins as Potential Mediators of Cardiovascular Health.                             Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017 May;37(5):757-763.

13        Chen XQ Preventive Effects of Catechins on Cardiovascular Disease. et al.            Molecules .2016 Dec 21;21(12).

14        Hyson DA. A Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their           Relationship to Human Health. Adv Nutr. 2011 Sep; 2(5): 408–420.

Botanical Name: Organic Apple Fiber Powder

Ref Number: TGLAJP

Tested by: QC